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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Understanding Osmolalityas a Critical Process Parameterin Mammalian Muscle Cell Culture and Biomanufacturing

The review examines osmolality as a process variable in mammalian muscle culture and biomanufacturing. It combines physicochemical principles with evidence from muscle-lineage and wider mammalian bioprocess research, including limitations of calculation and measurement methods. Muscle cells operate within a narrow osmotic range, and deviations can alter growth, differentiation, and fusion. Medium ingredients share a limited osmotic allowance, while carbon dioxide and pH coupling, temperature, evaporation, scaffolds, and bioinks can cause drift. Tracking osmolality over time could improve control during scale-up.

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Toward Rational Design of Precision-Fermented Milk Proteins: Integrating Cross-Species Selection, Post-Translational Modification, and AI Optimization.

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